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exosomes

Original link:Metabiotics - Exosomes

Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by cells into the extracellular space. They are 30-150nm in size, have a double-layer membrane structure and a saucer like shape, and contain abundant contents (including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids), participating in molecular transmission between cells. Extracellular vesicles are widely present in cell culture supernatants and various bodily fluids, including blood, lymph, saliva, urine, semen, milk, etc. They are also present in tissue samples, such as brain tissue, muscle tissue, adipose tissue, etc.Summary of brain tissue separation method: Cut brain tissue into thin slices, place them in a centrifuge tube and add digestive fluid for digestion. After water bath, gently invert repeatedly, and then use a pipette to intermittently and slowly blow and suck until digestion is complete. Then add to the culture medium based on digestion, mix well, and place on ice. Perform a series of differential overspeed centrifugation processes, including impurity removal, membrane filtration, superionization, etc. Finally, resuspend the extracellular vesicles with PBS, and identify them using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle size tracking molecules (NTA), and marker WB.

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Figure 1 Extracellular vesicle secretion

All cells can secrete exosomes, but there are significant differences in the quantity and content of exosomes secreted by different cells, which also determines that each type of exosome performs different functions. Extracellular vesicles are widely involved in intercellular material transport and information transmission, regulating cellular physiological activities. Meanwhile, extracellular vesicles have functions such as antigen presentation, immune escape, induction of normal cell transformation, and promotion of tumor occurrence and metastasis; In addition, extracellular vesicles can also serve as "natural nanoparticles" for drug delivery.

What are the databases related to exosomes?
The exoRBase database collects and describes all long RNAs in human blood exosomes, including circRNAs, lncRNAs, and mRNA.

The EVpedia and Vesiclepedia databases summarize information on proteins, mRNA, miRNA, lipids, and other information found in different vesicle studies.

The ExoCarta database mainly includes 286 research results from several species, including humans, rats, mice, sheep, etc., involving protein, mRNA, miRNA, lipid and other information.

Sample preprocessing and extracellular vesicle separation and preservation:

Extracellular vesicles exist in various bodily fluids of humans or animals, and we can choose different sample sources for relevant extracellular vesicle research. Due to the fact that exosomes are vesicular vesicles containing lipid bilayer membrane structures originating from the invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane, distributed in the extracellular matrix. In order to obtain high-purity extracellular vesicles, it is necessary to ensure the effective removal of all cell debris and other unwanted impurities.

1) Cell culture supernatant             2) Plasma/Serum

3)尿液                           4)脑脊液
5)卵泡液                        6)宫腔液
7)胆汁                            8)羊水
9)腹水                           10)胸腔液
不同的实验样本采集时需要注意的地方不一样,如细胞培养上清在收集样本前需换成无外泌体血清培养、血浆样本采集时用一定不能用肝素抗凝管、尿液收集时需要加抑菌剂等。
从生物体液中分离外泌体的各种方法已经被开发出来,主要根据外泌体的大小、密度、免疫特性等特点进行操作。分离出高纯度的外泌体是我们后续开展外泌体研究的关键步骤,目前差速超速离心是外泌体分离方法中公认的“金标准”,也是高分文章中首选的分离方法。

 外泌体提取在短时间(一周之内)使用,可以放在4度保存,如果长时间保存可以放在-20度或-80度保存。也可以将外泌体进行分装,分别放在-20度或-80度。
外泌体检测方法:
外泌体分离之后,需要经过一系列鉴定才能确定分离的是外泌体。鉴定方法从物理特征到表面分子标志物,多角度进行鉴定。
l 透射电镜鉴定法:简称TEM,适合外泌体双层囊膜超微结构观察,即通常为茶托型或一侧凹陷的半球形。

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图二 透射电镜

l 纳米颗粒跟踪分析法:简称NTA,该方法能保证外泌体原始状态、检测速度快,检测后能提供外泌体粒径和浓度信息。

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 图三 NTA

l Western blot分子标志物检测:外泌体标志蛋白包括四跨膜蛋白家族,如CD9、CD63和CD81;细胞质蛋白,如肌动蛋白(Actin)和钙磷脂结合蛋白(Annexins);参与生物功能的分子,如凋亡转接基因2互作蛋白X(ALIX)、肿瘤易感基因101蛋白(TSG101)、热休克蛋白(HSP70、HSP90),以及细胞分泌的特异性蛋白。

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 图四 Western Blot(Tian Su et al., ACS Nano. 2019)

外泌体高通量检测
外泌体内含有与细胞来源相关的蛋白质和核酸,可以运输蛋白质、mRNA、miRNA、lncRNA、circRNA等进入受体细胞,参与细胞间通讯。不同细胞来源的外泌体所含有的蛋白成分和RNA不太相同,可作为多种疾病的早期诊断标记物,也能作为靶向药物的载体进行疾病治疗。
1. miRNA高通量测序
2. mRNA高通量测序
3. lncRNA芯片(人、小鼠)
4. ceRNA芯片(人、小鼠)
5. 蛋白质组分析(iTRAQ、TMT、Label-free)
外泌体标记或示踪:
l 亲脂染料标记外泌体:目前已发表的外泌体文章中,外泌体大多使用亲脂性染料进行标记,体内和体外都有较多应用。亲脂性染料主要分为两大类,第一类是PKH67(绿色荧光)/PKH26(红色荧光),由于它们可以与外泌体的脂质双层膜稳定结合,所以染色效果较好,应用较广泛。

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 图五 PKH67标记的外泌体与神经元之间相互作用(Juan Carlos Polanco et al., Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2018)

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 图六 PKH26标记的外泌体与MDA‐MB‐231细胞共培养(Mengyu Yu et al., Cancer Sci. 2019)

第二类是Di系列的亲脂性染料,包括DiI(橙色荧光)、DiO(绿色荧光)、DiD(红色荧光)、DiR(深红色荧光)。其中DiR的红外荧光可穿透细胞和组织,在活体成像中用来示踪。

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 图七 DiI标记的外泌体通过静脉注射观察在体内器官的分布情况(Laura Otero-Ortega et al., J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2018)

l 慢病毒介导CD63-GFP表达:将外泌体的特定蛋白CD63和绿色荧光蛋白GFP的表达元件构建成质粒再包装到慢病毒中,随后用此慢病毒感染细胞,使细胞分泌的外泌体带有绿色荧光。

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 图八 用GFP标记的外泌体分别与SH-SY5Y、BV2和DRG细胞共培养(Rui Ren et al., Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2019)

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 图九 注射有CD63-GFP的外泌体后观察第1天(D1)和第5天(D2)的荧光(Rui Ren et al., Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2019)

外泌体功能研究:
将标记的外泌体加入受体细胞培养基中,与受体细胞进行共培养,观察细胞的功能变化,如细胞增殖、迁移与侵袭、细胞凋亡等;或者将外泌体注射入动物模型中,观察动物表型变化和检测动物相关指标。

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 图十 DiR标记的外泌体静脉注射小鼠结肠癌肿瘤模型(Gaofeng Liang et al., J Nanobiotechnology. 2020) 

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 图十一 外泌体的功能研究(Tian Fang et al., Nat Commun. 2018)

我们的优势:
1) 实验周期短;
2) 价格优惠;
3) 完善的售后服务;
4) 项目经验丰富,成功率几乎100%;
5) 完整的一套实验服务。
我们提供的服务:
1) 差速超速离心分离;
2) 透射电镜拍摄(TEM);
3) 纳米粒径跟踪分析(NTA);
4) Western Blot检测蛋白标志物;
5) 外泌体高通量测序/芯片;
6) 外泌体标记或示踪;
7) 外泌体细胞功能检测;
8) 外泌体动物注射;
9) 外泌体动物模型验证等。

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